Stakeholder Analysis of the tournament Roland Garros with their Essay

Partner Analysis of the competition Roland Garros with their destinations and objectives - Essay Example obligation associations incorporating those with explicit regions, for example, the financial segment and correspondence segment just as those with extremely broad thoughts in their extension. Coordinators work together with such associations in creating and advancing corporate duty in various pieces of the world. The administration of Roland Garros competition has built up a particular hierarchical structure inside the positions of coordinators, which works with a devoted group working structure the corporate social duty central command. Roland Garros additionally called the French Open is one of the four yearly Grand Slam competitions on the planet notwithstanding Wimbledon, the United States Open, and the Australian Open. As of late extraordinary tennis players have taken an interest including Raphael Nadal, Milan Djokovic, Llodra, and Gasquet among some more. Partners term it as an exhibit for the entirety of France. The competition is one of a kind since it is the main competition played on dirt. The competition was held in nineteen twenty-eight at Porte d’Auteoil in Paris (Panat and Golinelli 1991). Partners continue expanding air of Roland Garros consistently draws out a portion of the stunning donning accomplishments from the greatest tennis worldwide players. The four musketeers comprising of Borota, Cochet, Brugnon, and Lacoste carried a ton accomplishment to the competition, adding flavor to the underlying establishment of expert tennis in France. The endeavors of the four players immediately drove the competition getting worldwide acknowledgment. Coordinators ensured that in nineteen sixty-eight they held the primary competition where the two novices and expert partook. Partners hold r ecollections of extraordinary players including Gustavo Kuerten, Bjorn Borg, and Mats Wilander. The competition found in nineteen eighty-three a success by the main ever French player (Evans 1991). This was Yannick Noah. The partners consistently utilize ten thousand representatives to sort out the competition effectively. Patrons increment consistently including

Jaw the movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jaw the film - Essay Example To interface scenes, they picked generally animating, frightening and moving ways. Utilization of contention is reflected when Brody dread is something contrary to his objective to execute the shark. He fears water, which is less hazardous as contrasted and standing up to a shark. Despite the fact that Brody is a legend, issues of defective marriage is gotten. This makes a stage to show that issues need arrangements. Brody and his better half Ellen neglect to concede to moving from the town to a more pleasant spot. The spouse needs a superior life. Along these lines, issues emerge. Utilization of anticipation is very much illustrated; Peter Benchley and Carl Gottlieb utilized tension to drive the story (King). This is best done when a progression of debacles are connected together. In the story, Brody and different characters are attempting to discover the shark and stop it â€Å"but what we are truly hanging tight for is that next shark kill† (the jaw content). Earnestness alert is top notch, Peter Benchley and Carl Gottlieb picked 4 July weekend â€Å"That is the greatest few days of the year, the end of the week all the visitor appear. What's more, it’s coming soon!† (Jaws Script) The earnestness comes in when the legend, Brody is relied upon to discover the shark and slaughter it before the end of the week. Vital characters are acquired the story to flavor it up. Quint is one of the characters utilized in the Jaws. The characters are consistently optional characters and are delineated uniquely in contrast to different characters in the story (King). They act in an unexpected way, talk in a one of a kind way. He should be a character who looks for live in his own reality instead of different characters. Quint is best positioned he is uncommon as contrasted and the remainder of the characters in the story. Dwindle Benchley and Carl Gottlieb have made Hero’s objective as hard as could reasonably be expected. In any case, the answer for the positioning issue (shark assault) could have been effortlessly settled by shutting down the sea shore they didn't permit that to occur. To upset the

How to Write the Bard College Supplement 2019-2020 TKG

How to Write the Bard College Supplement 2019-2020 Bard College is a small liberal arts school in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. Only 1,900 undergraduates attend the school and the student to faculty ratio is 10:1. All freshman participate in a common curriculum, and the school is big on civic engagement. Bard is test-optional, and the acceptance rate is around 58%. Bard is one of many schools this year that is hiding a writing supplement under the “general” tab of their application page on the common app website. Pro tip: triple check for this on your schools to avoid throwing together an essay the night before the application is due. While we don’t love that Bard snuck in a prompt, we do appreciate the fact that the question is completely straightforward and without unnecessary flowery language. “Why Bard?” â€" 250-word maximum. Bard is asking a standard “why us” question. You only have 250 words, which means that your response must be hyper-focused and well researched. To start the research process, find the followin g: Your intended major: Look at Bard’s majors and find a major that aligns with the classes that you’ve done well in during high school. If you already know what you want to major in, that’s great. If you don’t, spend some time looking through the offerings until you find something that piques your interest. Two upper-level classes that you want to take: Once you’ve figured out what you plan to study, look for one or two upper-level classes that you want to take. You can’t choose introductory level courses because those are offered everywhere and not specific to Bard. If you choose computer science and are well versed in Python and Ruby, you might write about your desire to take Computer Science 305: Design of Programming Languages. Whatever you choose, make sure that you’re making a case for yourself as to why you’re a good fit for the class. A vague interest in the subject matter isn’t enough, you should have at least a slight familiarity with the syllabus. A pro fessor that you’d like to work with: Bard is a very small school and students get to know their professors. This means that if you attend, it’s quite possible to form relationships with your teachers. Look at the professors on the homepage of your chosen major and do some research. What kind of work are the professors doing? Are they accepting research assistants? Pitch yourself! Tell Bard why you want to work with them and/or why you’re following the research of a certain professor.An extracurricular activity you plan to join:There are 150 clubs and student organizations on campus at Bard. Look through them until you find one that you’d like to join. The club that you choose does not have to be related to your major, but it should make sense within the context of the rest of your application. This means that you should already be a member of a similar club at your high school.  Something specific to Bard that has influenced your decision to apply there. Perhaps there’s s omething about the location of the school, the structure of the curriculum, or the center for civic engagement that initially drew you to Bard. But make sure it’s super specific. If what you’re writing about could technically apply to ANY other school, dig deeper. So now you’ve done the research. You should have a list of aspects about Bard that compelled you to apply. Your work isn’t done. You now need to tell a story about yourself using all of these details. Instead of simply listing out the entities sentence by sentence, find a way to frame a narrative around them. You might include a sentence or two about why you want to study what you want to study or tell them about a project or internship you did that awakened your academic senses. You should aim to include all five bolded points if possible, but it’s equally as important that you weave those points into a story about yourself with a beginning, middle, and end.  We help students navigate the application process. C ontact us here if you need help.

A Guide to Ethnomethodology

Ethnomethodology is the study of how people use social interaction to maintain an ongoing sense of reality in a situation. To gather data, ethnomethodologists rely on ​conversation analysis and a rigorous set of techniques for systematically observing and recording what happens when people interact in natural settings. It is an attempt to classify the actions people take when they are acting in groups.   Origins of Ethnomethodology Harold Garfinkel originally came up with the idea for ethnomethodology at jury duty. He wanted to explain how the people organized themselves into a jury. He was interested in how people act in particular social situations, especially ones outside of the daily norm like serving as a juror.   Examples of Ethnomethodology A conversation is a social process that requires certain things in order for participants to identify it as a conversation and keep it going. People look at each other, nod their heads in agreement, ask and respond to questions, etc. If these methods are not used correctly, the conversation breaks down and is replaced by another sort of social situation.

Insure vs. Assure vs. Ensure What’s the Difference

Ensure, insure, and assure are three of the most commonly confused verbs in the English language. All three words are derived from the Latin word securus, meaning secure, and they have some similarities in their definitions. However, these terms should not be used interchangeably.   How to Use Ensure Ensure  refers to the act of making something  certain. When you ensure something, you do what is necessary to make that event or action occurs. For example, studying for a test ensures that you will not fail the test. How to Use Assure Assure refers to the act of removing insecurities by guaranteeing that something will happen. The act of assuring is the act of dispelling doubts. In a sentence, assure will generally precede the object that you are assuring, as in, The mother assured her daughter that the loud thunderstorm would not hurt her.  Ã‚   How to Use Insure Insure refers to the act of taking out an insurance policy to protect something, such as taking out life insurance or insuring a car.  If you insure your car, you will be financially protected if the car is damaged in an accident.   Keep in mind that these rules refer to American English.  In British English, â€Å"assurance† actually refers to a type of â€Å"insurance.†Ã‚   Examples The insurance agent assured them that their new policy would protect their home in case of a flood: In this sentence, an agent responsible for providing financial compensation for properties is able to guarantee that a couple will receive fair payment should anything happen to their home.  The two speakers met before the conference to ensure their speeches did not overlap: Here, ensure indicates that the two speakers have made sure their speeches are unique so they will not be surprised by any similarities after presenting.  The professor assured the students that the test would only cover  chapter nine, and that to ensure a good grade, they should reread the chapter: After the professor dispelled doubt that the test would cover any additional material, she told them that they could be sure of a good test score if they studied the relevant chapter.Despite recent layoffs, the manager assures us that our positions are safe: By assuring her employees, the manager is removing fears about losing their jobs and telling them that they are going to be okay.  However, this is different than ensuring the jobs are safe, which would involve actively making certain that the speaker and his or her coworkers will retain their jobs.Recent regulatory policies ensure that carbon emissions are decreasing, helping assure those worried about global warming: The act of regulation has made certain that carbon emissions will decrease, while this decrease has helped allay fears among those concerned about the environment.  Stefanie assured us that Kyle had ensured the company would insure the painting in case of damage: In this sentence, Stefanie is promising that thanks to Kyle making certain that the company did what they said they were going to do, the painting would be financially protected in case something unfortunate happened. How to Remember the Difference Pay attention to the first letter of each word. â€Å"Assure† starts with the same letter as â€Å"alive. You can only  assure  someone who is alive, because you must be alive to feel doubt or fear in the first place. â€Å"Insure† begins with the same letter as â€Å"income.† Not having a good insurance policy  could impact your income. â€Å"Ensure† is a guarantee that something will happen — think of the double â€Å"e’s† at the end of guarantee to ensure that you’ll remember.   What About Reassure? Reassure is a combination of the prefix â€Å"re† and the word â€Å"assure,† and it can be used interchangeably with the latter to mean removing insecurities. However, just because they have the same meaning does not make them perfect substitutes. Reassure should be used only in situations of repeated assurance, or when someone reverts back to a previously held opinion (e.g. She was reassured of her original convictions.)

How Oceanography Is An Study Of The Oceans Through Mapping...

Oceanography is defined as the study of the oceans through mapping, exploring, charting, and discovery and its birth is congruent with the birth of boats and voyages. Originally, sailors and explorers would go on expeditions for mercantile purposes. However, it evolved into mapping and exploring unknown sea routes. Oceanography is a science in the essence of studying the ocean in its entirety, which is more than mapping and knowing sea routes. Oceanography contributes to the scientific community with its new discoveries and developing information, including knowledge of: currents; above water and underwater; wind patterns; chemistry of the ocean; chemistry of ecosystems; aquatic ecosystems, and how different animals interact in them;†¦show more content†¦After the world has been pretty much mapped out Ferdinand Magellan decided to sail across state and in his voyage he was known as the first captain cruise ship made it across the world and invented the term circumnavigating . Ferdinand Magellan never lived to see his legacy or to complete his voyage but his crew that Ferdinand Magellan set for the standard when it came to charting the new sea. Even Charles Darwin contributed to early oceanography he did so in his mapping of the Caribbean back when he was on the voyage of the HMS Beagle and in mapping the Caribbean he created the theory of evolution which is known about today and used understanding of modern biology. there is a vast difference between Oh surely oceanography and modern oceanography however Early oceanographers we re more concerned with exploration and adopted the whole Columbian Way of exploring descriptive oceanography was all about Exploring and mapping. However, today in modern oceanography they do more than just exploring and mapping: they keep track of ecosystems; they check on climate semicolon there is water in meteorology thanks to Oceanography semicolon and naturally they explore the depths of the ocean, which is something ea rlier oceanographer

My Unexpected Baby Essay Example For Students

My Unexpected Baby Essay Have you ever known someone who has given birth without knowing that she was expecting a baby? Usually women always know that they are pregnant long before they give birth. Many of them even suffer different types of symptoms in the trajectory of pregnancy. In addition, in most of the cases, the excited parents make all the preparations for the babys arrival. Another common factor for the parents who are expecting a baby is the choosing of the name for the baby. However, in my case it was totally different. My wife’s first pregnancy was an incident that marked my life. The three important incidents that I had to face after she gave birth without knowing that she was pregnant were that I had to understand what had just happened to her, why I never knew that she was expecting a baby, and in what health conditions our baby was in. The first incident that I had to face was that I had to understand what had just happened to her. I remember that I had just arrived at the hospital, and I saw her lying on the stretcher with her body full of blood; without knowing what had just happened. I did not understand what had just happened because she had gone to the hospital with only a severe pelvic pain. I was very scared and confused because no one would tell me anything. The nurses were running back and forth looking for the tools that the doctor was urgently asking for. Then in the distance, I heard a cry of a baby while the doctor was saying, â€Å"We have to move the baby to another hospital urgently. † One of the nurses approached me and said, â€Å"Your wife just gave birth to a baby boy who is going urgently to a specialized hospital for premature babies. † I was in shock; I could not believe what was happening. The second incident that I had to face was why I had never realized that she was expecting a baby. She never had symptoms of pregnancy. For example, she never had nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weight gain, and graving for specific foods. In addition, the results of two pregnancy tests that she had performed at home were negative. I remember that she did not get a pregnancy test through the blood in a laboratory because her period was still regular. Also, she never had prenatal care during pregnancy. For example, she never took prenatal vitamins to prevent birth defects on the fetus such as spine bifida and cleft lip. She neither saw a gynecologist for prenatal monitoring as all women normally do. The last incident that I had to face was in what health conditions was my baby. The nurses urgently moved the baby to another hospital. The transfer of my baby to a hospital specializing in premature births was because he was born with only 27 weeks of gestation and two pounds of weight. Nobody told me more information about the health conditions of my baby. For example, no one would tell me the critical state in which my baby was and what chances of life he would have. Then the doctor moved my wife to another room to get out the placenta, which was broken in the birthing process. With so many events at once, I was feeling disturbed, desperate, and worried. In conclusion, the unexpected arrival of my son was not an easy event to handle. Even though of the circumstances, I considered that the spiritual support by God was with us throughout that time frame. After God I consider that my mother – in – law was the person that helped us to confront the unexpected arrival of our baby and more because everything happened at once. It is also important to mention that we were able to count on emotional support by other members of our family and friends. .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .postImageUrl , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:hover , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:visited , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:active { border:0!important; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:active , .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4 .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u453d83be1e05383d513410ef6545e1b4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bruce Leeâ„ ¢s Passion in Martial Arts and Entertainment EssayEvery human being has a distinct form of seeing and confronting situations they face; I consider that my wife and I were able to count on having the support necessary to succeed with what had happened to us. All the incidents that we went through worked as an experience and helped us to believe that everything is possible, even what seems impossible or abnormal. Some of the incidents that I had to face after the unexpected birth of my son were that I had to understand what just happened to her, why I never realized that she was expecting a baby, and what health conditions was facing our baby.

The Discipline of Organizational Psychology Tools and Techniques

Introduction The discipline of psychology is largely concerned with interpretation and analysis of human behavior. On the same note, organizational psychology also seeks to offer in-depth understanding of how organizations are affected by the available human resource. Nonetheless, this branch of psychology mainly relates human behavior within organization context. The initiative behind this analysis is to develop tools and techniques that are capable of eliciting the best behavior among employees. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Discipline of Organizational Psychology: Tools and Techniques specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, it is also worth to note that when employees exhibit desired organizational behavior, the success of impacted organizations is quite often guaranteed. It is also against this backdrop that organizational psychology has become a necessity especially during this era of globaliza tion. The latter has elevated competition among organizations. Consequently, they are expected to improve their functionality in order to survive this cut-throat competition. What is Organizational Psychology? According to Jex and Britt (2008), organizational psychology is a branch of psychology that employs scientific techniques to study individual and group behavior within organizational set up. During this study, technical psychological principles are integrated with scientific research methods in order to analyze various factors that affect human behavior in organizations. Moreover, this study seeks to expose elements that affect individual and group behavior negatively and consequently how this negativity impacts on productivity (Kevin, 2005). Similarly, organizational psychology aims at eliminating negative elements in human behavior in order to improve group performance, which is expected to translate to optimization in organizational output. In practice, organizational psyc hology also explores whether groups perform better under formal or informal workplace environments (Kevin, 2005). The latter author presumes the fact that some of the principles of organizational psychology is what has compelled most technological organizations to adopt informal working environments as part of improving workforce performance. This may be attributed to the fact that formal and informal organizations do embrace various procedures and bureaucracies while dealing with their workforce and subsequently, these elements might impact on employees’ behavior either positively or negatively (Jex Britt, 2008). Therefore, organizational psychology seeks to identify bottlenecks that tend to attract negative workforce behavior and consequently inject changes to revert negative performance. Evolution of the Field of Organizational Psychology The historical evolution of organizational psychology can be attributed to various personalities. However, the mammoth contribution of Frederick Winslow Taylor at the beginning of 19th century had the most impact in development of its tenets (Jex Britt, 2008). Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Talyor came up with the idea of technical administration whereby he proposed participatory decision making between managers ands employees (Jex Britt, 2008). At the initial stages, most organizational psychologists held the belief that economic incentives contributed very little towards employees’ performance since no amount of monetary payout can compensate the kind of input employees commit at workplace. Furthermore, philosophical views by Max Weber were of great importance to the progression of organizational psychology (Jex Britt, 2008). Weber perceived governance as bureaucratic and proposed that if workers knew what was expected of them, they would highly likely perform well than when their duties were dictated by bureaucratic managers (Jex Britt, 2008). On the same note, Weber introduced the element of scientific research to organizational psychology when he studied several organization features such as guidance and authority. However, although numerous publications on the effect of employee motivation on organization performance came to be in the 1950s, it was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s when organizational psychology came to be established as a researchable field (Jex Britt, 2008). Following this discovery, subsequent researches exposed a very interesting psychological aspect on the relationship between human behavior and job attitudes/ performance (Jex Britt, 2008). Consequently, researches also noted another important aspect that employees’ behavior within an organization are defined by both group and organization composition (Jex Britt, 2008). These aspects have interested organizational psychology researchers up to date as they seek new discoveries aimed a t modifying human behavior towards organizations success. Compare and Contrast Organizational Psychology with at Least Two Related Disciplines Organizational Behavior Organization psychology is closely related to the discipline of organizational behavior. The two fields exhibit some similarities if the variable under investigation has to do with employees’ behavior (Jex Britt, 2008). Kevin (2005) underscores that the main concern in organizational behavior is to study relationship between human behavior and their organization. Similarly, organization psychology seeks to expose the underlying elements of human behavior that impacts an organization either positively or negatively. The above notion implies that whenever these two disciplines carry out studies aimed at understanding how various elements of human behavior interact with organizational performance, then any disparity between the two is almost non-existent ((Jex Britt, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Discipline of Organizational Psychology: Tools and Techniques specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the main disparity between them is evident in their definitions since organization behavior underpins close relationship to organization itself and not entirely on human behavior. Additionally, whereas organizational psychology restricts itself to psychology in order to establish how organizational procedures and adjustments modifies human behavior, organization behavior extends beyond the borders of psychology and seeks answers from sociology, economics as well as anthropology in an attempt to understand how these factors affect organizational performance (Jex Britt, 2008). Socialization Secondly, organizational psychology can be likened to some elements of organizational socialization. The main concern of organization socialization is to study the orientation and initiation processes that a new employee goes through before they can be fully assimilated into an organizations’ culture (Kevin, 2005). Similarly, organization psychology seeks to understand how socialization process impacts on an employee’s behavior and subsequently whether that behavior elicits negative or positive organization outcome (Kevin, 2005). Whenever an employee joins a new organization he/she ought to be orientated to understand the history, language, politics, goals and values as well as people within that organization. The above elements form the basis for organization socialization research since researchers seek to understand how newcomers override the above processes before they can become fully fledged members (Kevin, 2005). Contrastingly, the most obvious disparity between these two disciplines is that whereas organizational socialization seeks to establish employee socialization process, organization psychology extends its analysis to establish how each process impact on human behavior in o rder to come up with the most effective process that has the least negative impact on organizational performance (Kevin, 2005). The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Organizational Psychology Generally, the discipline of psychology is informed via numerous research and statistical data. Apparently, without research, psychological issues would indefinitely remain as speculations because there would be no possibility of proving or disproving these formulated propositions. Research and statistics, therefore, come in handy due the fact that research enables evidence gathering whereas statistics assist in the interpretation of this evidence (Jex Britt, 2008). Similarly, organizational psychology would be incapacitated without research and statistics to advance its tenets (Jex Britt, 2008). Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact that this subdivision is more scientifically oriented implies that research and statistical interpretation of results is mandatory. Moreover, researchers in this discipline should opt for the most reliable scientific research methods to gather information in order to determine the most appropriate organizational intervention measures (Kevin, 2005). Jex and Britt (2008) underscore that the main goal behind organizational psychology research is to identity the various elements that hinder positive organizational performance. By using statistics, organizational psychologist is able to compare various organizational trends and issues and in the process understand the most common trend across organizations (Kevin, 2005). For instance, an organizational researcher might decide to carry out an insightful study into organizations that are deemed to be successful (Jex Britt, 2008). The information gathered therein might then be used to design and implement organization policies f or an organization whose performance is wanting. Finally, research and statistics are significant since in case of organizational failures, current researchers are able to utilize statistics from prior researches to identify gaps that lead to this failure (Jex Britt, 2008) .Correspondingly, statistical results are more authentic than assumptions. For instance, researchers can utilize various surveying techniques to measure employees’ competence and motivation factors instead of making an assumption that are likely to be biased (Kevin, 2005). Conclusion In a nutshell, although organizational psychology is the least popular in the wider field of psychology, it is quite significant in when operating organizations. Empirical research studies clearly indicate that human asset can either break or make an organization. Therefore, organizational psychology is more than a necessity since by understanding how organizations elements impact on employees’ behavior; managers can mo dify management procedures and bureaucracies to promote performance. Indeed, human resources managers should work hand in hand with organizational psychologists in order to elicit the most productive behavior among employees. References Jex, S. M. Britt, T. W. (2008). Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Kevin, M. (2005).Organizational Psychology and Development: A Reader for Students and Practitioners. Personnel Review, 34(4), 504 – 510. This essay on The Discipline of Organizational Psychology: Tools and Techniques was written and submitted by user Isabela Blackwell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Renewable Energy Sources Review Essay Sample

Renewable Energy Sources Review Essay Sample Renewable Energy Sources Review Essay Renewable Energy Sources Review Essay The environmental damage caused by the non-renewable resources, and their rapid depletion require to transfer the generation of heat and electricity to non-traditional sources of clean energy, especially renewable. There is a need to take urgent measures to make our energy supplies safe and ecological. Today, energy industries are major polluters of the environment. Therefore, the importance of alternative energy is obvious, because it plays a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helps reduce the dependence on imported energy. Oil Resources vs. Renewable Energy Sources The renewable energy sources include: energy sources, such as burned biomass and waste (the solid biomass and animal products, biological mass, including any material of plant origin that are used directly as fuel or can be converted into other forms before combustion (wood, vegetable and animal wastes, charcoal, which is produced from solid biomass)), urban waste (materials that are burned to produce heat and power generation – waste of residential, commercial and public sectors), hydropower (potential or kinetic energy of water converted into electricity using hydro power plants, both large and small), geothermal energy (heat coming from the subsurface, usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is clear that there are much more renewable energy sources than non-renewable ones. This paper is going to discuss the importance of creating energy sources that are safe and friendly to the environment, the pros and cons of renewable energy sources, the effect of burning oil on t he atmosphere, the environmental consequences of oil resources as well as the solution to the problem the society faces today. The Effect of Burning Oil on the Atmosphere Today, most thermal and electric energy is obtained by burning fossil fuels and turning its chemical energy into electricity and heat. About 80% of all types of pollution of the biosphere is due to energy processes. Oil resources are burned in such quantities that the products of combustion (harmful and toxic gas emissions and aerosols) change the composition of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Carbon dioxide CO2 is produced by burning fossil fuels, especially, oil. This is the base component, which causes the formation of greenhouse effect. As a result of incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide CO is extracted. It is the toxic gas that has harmful effect on the cardio-vascular system. CO2 molecules pass the wave of ultraviolet solar radiation, but absorb long-wave radiation in the infrared spectrum of frequencies that cause an increase in temperature of the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide SO2 is one of the most toxic gaseous emissions of power plants. Heavy oil resources contain the greatest amount of sulfur. Sulfur dioxide affects the oxidation, destroys materials, and has harmful effect on human health. Nitrogen oxides are formed during combustion of any fossil fuel containing nitrogen compounds. Nitrogen oxides have harmful impact on human health, causing the formation of greenhouse effect and the destruction of the ozone layer. In addition, nitrogen oxides lead to forest extinction, acid rain and so on. The Importance of Creating Safe Energy Sources Analyzing the information mentioned above, it becomes clear why it is so important to create energy sources that are safe and friendly to the environment. The use of non-renewable source, especially, oil resources causes the formation of greenhouse effect†, destruction of the ozone layer, the increase in the temperature of the atmosphere, forest extinction, acid rain, etc. It also has a deleterious effect on people’s health, especially, on the cardio-vascular system. Thus, the need for creation of energy sources that are safe and friendly to the environment is determined by the following factors: Rapid growth in demand for electric energy and depletion of proven reserves of fossil fuels in the near future. The pollution of the environment by oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, carbon dioxide, from the combustion of fossil fuels. Replacing Energy from Other Sources The population consumes large amount of energy each year. For example, as stated in the article â€Å"U.S. total energy consumption by sector 2013†, â€Å"In 2013, approximately 21.09 quadrillion British thermal units of energy were consumed by the U.S. residential sector.† The USA has already consumed 20% of its energy (World Population Balance, n.d.). It is possible to replace this energy with the energy from other sources, for example, such sources as solar energy and wind power. Solar energy is the kinetic energy of the radiation, which is formed as a result of the thermonuclear reactions in the solar interior. Solar energy is one of those alternatives ignoring which will lead to the catastrophic consequences for humanity in the near future. Using solar energy is a progressive method for obtaining various types of energy. However, people began to think about the use of this technology only in the last century. Nowadays, there are the following technologies of solar energy: Active (solar energy is used for water heating, lighting, ventilation). Passive (a special feature of passive solar structure building for the organization of ventilation, heating or lighting is the selection of building materials of relevant physical parameters, specific planning of rooms, and placement of windows). Some of today’s solar technologies are natural lighting systems. They are used for decorating offices and dwellings as the alternative to electric lamps. In addition to aesthetic and psychological satisfaction, natural lighting systems help to save on electricity and are famous among connoisseurs of unusual architectural buildings. Solar roofing has come a long way over the last 20-30 years. Today’s solar panels are much more efficient than they have ever been. As the technology continues to improve, these solar roof kits will become a more practical alternative to fossil fuel based energy sources. (â€Å"Portable solar panels, solar energy kits and roof mount†, n.d.) Solar water heating setup – is the system of water heating in reservoirs, mainly for household needs. Today, China is the world leader in the use of such facilities, where solar collector heaters occupy 80 % of this particular market segment. According to Energy Saving Trust (n.d.), â€Å"Solar hot water is a green, renewable heating system and can reduce your carbon dioxide emissions.† Another modern solar technology is helio-concentrators. It is a method of focusing sunlight and producing electricity or heat with the use of reflectors (flat or parabolic mirrors of different shapes and sizes). These solar thermal systems are rare because of the high cost. These systems have been built and used in Spain and Portugal providing converted energy for different purposes. Another energy source is wind power which is one of the oldest sources of energy used by the mankind and, undoubtedly, one of the most economical ones. Mistaken claims about wind power often scare people away from the use of this energy source. However, wind turbines are the very promising way to obtain energy from clean sources, particularly, in terms of the increased cost of oil, gas, and coal and the shortage of natural resources. â€Å"Wind turbines can be used to generate large amounts of electricity in wind farms both onshore and offshore† (Wind turbines, n.d.). Nowadays, the wind power stations are everywhere. Using such modern technology as a wind turbine, these stations convert the mechanical energy of the wind into electricity. They are perfect for the needs of the developing countries. They can be put in place and connected to the power supply system in a shorter time and at lower cost compared to the introduction of large power plants with complicated infrastructure, for the production and transmission of electricity. Therefore, developing countries have a strong interest in wind power market. According to Wind Energy Foundation, Wind energy became the number-one source of new U.S. electricity-generating capacity for the first time in 2012, providing some 42% of all new generating capacity. In fact, 2012 was a strong year for all renewables, as together they accounted for more than 55% of all new U.S. generating capacity. One more present-day wind technology is a wind powered electric car invented by a brave Chinese farmer. By its characteristics the car can be compared to a conventional car. â€Å"What makes the one-seater special is the turbine on its nose. When the car reaches 40mph (64kph), the blades spring into the action and begin generating pollution-free power† (Chinese farmer invents wind-powered car, 2012). This Chinese auto inventor has spent more than a thousand dollars to build the car. However, the invention is worth it; he drives on the roads of the city and amazes people. There are many advantages of wind energy development including environmental and practical factors. The world total kinetic energy of wind can be roughly estimated as 80 times higher than the total energy. Modern wind energy is one of the most advanced and promising types of alternative energy. The Pros and Cons of Renewable Energy Sources Renewable energy sources have their pros and cons. The advantages of renewable energy are: They are virtually inexhaustible. It is an environmentally clean way to produce energy. It does not pollute the atmosphere, does not consume fuel and does not cause thermal pollution. There is no need for extraction, processing and delivering of fuel. There is no need for scarce high-temperature materials, with the exception of solar heat concentrators. Renewable energy sources can work without maintenance and are constantly renewed by the nature reserve. There is no need in energy transportation. The disadvantages of renewable energy are: The main disadvantage of most renewable energy sources is their potential energy volatility. Moreover, some of the renewable energy sources have their own disadvantages; however, they are not so important in comparison with advantages mentioned above. Wind power creates the noise of high frequency, so they require large areas of land for their placement. Solar energy also requires the use of large areas of land, but photovoltaic elements in large solar power plants are installed at a height of 1,8-2,5 meters, which allows to use the land below the power plant for agricultural purposes. The flow of solar energy to the Earths surface is highly dependent on latitude and climate. The average number of sunny days per year can be very different in various areas. The solar power is dependent on the day time and weather conditions. The Environmental Consequences of Oil Resources All oil resources are underground. In order to get them, a number of different machines and mechanisms should be used. Unfortunately, the production technology is not always perfect, which leads to negative consequences. The first problem is the exploitation of old fields. Most of them are not cemented, and this results in disrupted integrity and oil gets into groundwater. Nowadays, more and more developed countries introduce new production technology, but it does not save nature from pollution. In terms of exploration, there is a need to drill wells in order to determine the oil field, which adversely affects the exploration area. While extracting oil, the leak in the groundwater or surface may occur, causing irreparable damage. Oil extracting from the underground may cause the landslides. Oil burning leads to the formation of smog over major cities, the so-called greenhouse effect (carbon dioxide keeps heat of the sun, which can cause global warming), acid rain (when gaseous acidic oxides combine with water vapor in clouds, and when the rains fall, the water contains so much acid that it burns plants and poisons the soil and water). Oil wastes are also of great danger. During the processing of oil resources, many toxic substances may form. In addition, many resources are lost in transit. They litter the earth, seas and rivers. Particular damage can be cause by oil spilled into the sea or ocean. Spilled oil does not allow the sunlight penetration that is necessary for fish and algae. Birds and fish die from poisoning, suffocation or starvation. In order to prevent and reduce the impact of the oil resources on the nature, it is necessary to develop alternative renewable energy (wind, solar, tides, geothermal, etc.), which can reduce the need for fossil fuels and thus reduce emissions of toxic gases that lead to the greenhouse effect and acid rain. The existing boiler stations should have ultra-filtration and smoke purification systems. It is also necessary to learn how to neutralize wastes and recycle them. The conditions of transportation of resources should be improved. All these measures will help to restore stability and harmony between man and nature. Nature will not retaliate against man by bringing all sorts of natural disasters, and the man, in its turn, will make rational use of natural resources.

Art in Iraqi secondary schools Literature review

Art in Iraqi secondary schools - Literature review Example Along with learning arts, they also use arts to strengthen the understanding of other subjects. The advantage of this integration is that children will not have to join extra classes and give additional fees to accomplish their passion. However, many children do not even get the opportunity to learn what interest them because their parents do not have resources to get them into arts classes. Despite the huge importance and recognition of arts globally, there exist many countries, which do not want the teaching of this subject in their secondary schools (Alias, Gray & Black, 2002, pp. 165-175). Neither have they wanted the children to learn in interdisciplinary ways. Iraq is one of those countries, which in spite of knowing the value of this subject, has removed the subject of arts from its schools. The schools in developing countries, mostly of Asia, even if have arts as subject, they are not able to deliver the true essence of arts to the students. The primary reasons behind this sc enario is that teachers give arts education in theory in the primary classes and in secondary classes this education is given through elective subjects. Teachers in many schools of developing countries do not have enough knowledge of what they are teaching, if a person does not have enough knowledge, one cannot expect him to teach that subject in different ways. This happens in the schools, which do not have enough funds to hire well-educated and skilled teachers. With the limited amount of money, they can only hire teachers who have a little knowledge about the subject. This might be one of the reasons that Iraqi schools do not have arts as essential model. Lack of resources is one of the important issues that hinder the provision of arts education in developing countries. Nevertheless, this is not the only reason, mostly in Asian countries, schools use western modules of arts however, western and eastern cultures are greatly different from each other (Cacchione, Mohring & Bertin, 2012, pp.1-10). An art is something that one learns from everyday life environment. Therefore, every country should design arts module according to its own culture so that children can easily observe, express and envisage the concepts that they learn. In many countries like New Zealand, arts in the curriculum carry the equal credit as other subjects like mathematics and science. Schools implement this to meet the needs of students, as students of this era do not want to limit their learning to the theory however; they want practical examples of everything they learn. Arts enable them to practically examine every phenomenon. There are mainly four key learning areas of arts i.e. creative, perceptual and cognitive skills; Aesthetic skills; communication and expression skills; and lastly understanding of one’s culture and values. For provision of quality arts education, schools should indulge few factors in the module of arts. Firstly, relevance between subject material and oneâ €™s environment and cultural background is important for the children. As discussed above, today children need practical examples to learn in a better way (Carroll, 2011, pp. 9-25). If teachers educate students about something that they can never encounter, the learning of that subject would not be fruitful for the students. Integration of arts in the module would induce teachers to design the

Strategic Management Of Ford Company Assignment

Strategic Management Of Ford Company - Assignment Example The Ford Motor Company was founded by Henry Ford in 1903. At its incorporation, the company had twelve investors. The company has since grown and currently has ownership of Lincoln line of vehicles as well as a sizeable stake in Mazda. Ford currently ranks fourth in accordance with Forbes list of 2014’s biggest auto companies after Toyota, the Volkswagen Group and Daimler which rank first, second and third respectively. Currently, Ford sells its vehicles all over the world but its predominant market remains the United States. Stakeholder Model: FordFreeman, who is considered the â€Å"father of the stakeholder concept†, developed a number of definitions for the term stakeholder. In one, he considers a stakeholder to be any group or individual that prevails over or is prevailed upon by an organization’s operations. In another definition, he states that stakeholders are those groups that are vital to the sustenance and prosperity of a company (Fontaine, Antoine & S tefan 2006). Under the stakeholder model, a value creation concept exists that thinks of stakeholders as any person or group that increases value to an organization or, in dealing with the company, assumes some form of risk. Ford pinpoints its stakeholders through assiduous internal discussions during the inception phases of their sustainability agenda development. The company pays significance focus to its stakeholders and the value they offer it in its quest to dominate the motor industry.

Vulnerability in Cloud Computing Essay Example for Free

Vulnerability in Cloud Computing Essay Abstract— Cloud computing has been developed to reduce IT expenses and to provide agile IT services to individual users as well as organizations. It moves computing and data away from desktop and portable PCs into large data centers. This technology gives the opportunity for more innovation in lightweight smart devices and it forms an innovative method of performing business. Cloud computing depends on the internet as a medium for users to access the required services at any time on pay-per-use pattern. However this technology is still in its initial stages of development, as it suffers from threats and vulnerabilities that prevent the users from trusting it. Various be rainy as well, in other words this technology is not trustworthy as it is affected with threats and vulnerabilities. We have termed a cloud with threats and vulnerabilities as a stormy cloud. Based on Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) and our research, we have identified top seven threats and vulnerabilities that are the causes behind the creation of a stormy cloud [1]. The identified threats and vulnerabilities are ranked from top to bottom as shown in Fig.1. malicious activities from illegal users have threatened this technology such as data misuse, inflexible access control and limited monitoring. The occurrence of these threats may result into damaging or illegal access of critical and confidential data of users. This research paper describes the characteristics (threats, vulnerabilities) associated with a stormy cloud. Keywords- Illegal access, Threats, Vulnerabilities I.INTRODUCTION The traditional era of computing involves the use of software, hardware and storage to achieve the required computational service whereas cloud computing has isolated the services from resources (networks, storage, servers). The required services are provided to the users by utilizing the resources of provider. Users are no longer required to purchase hardware, software or to manage storages. Due the evolution of this technology users are required to pay for cloud services on consumption basis. New cloud based business models are being discussed, defined, and implemented as solutions in form of on-demand services that allows businesses to enhance their efficiency and scalability. Success or failure of this technology relies on users’ trust whether the service provided is reliable, available and secure. Considering the benefits of cloud computing various organizations are moving towards IT solutions that are based on cloud however, before starting the journey to cloud, organizations must considers the possible threats and vulnerabilities that may convert their dreams of enhancing scalability and saving management cost into a nightmare of data loss and misuse. The users must consider that cloud can Figure 1. Characteristics of stormy cloud. In order to create awareness and protect the cloud users from adopting a stormy cloud, we are describing the impacts of threats and vulnerabilities in cloud computing so that organizations or users can adopt this technology with trust and from a trusted provider who has the powerful and trusted security polices as well as efficient techniques for securing the users’ data on cloud. II.CLOUD COMPUTING THREATS As we already mentioned, there are several significant threats that should be considered before adopting the paradigm of cloud computing, these threats are discribed as follows : A. Abuse and Nefarious Use of Cloud Cloud providers facilitate the users with various types of services including unlimited bandwidth and storage capacity. Some cloud service providers offer free limited trial periods that gives an opportunity for hackers to access the cloud immorally, their impact includes decoding and cracking of passwords, launching potential attack points and executing malicious commands. Spammers, malicious code authors and other cybercriminals can conduct their activities with relative impunity, as cloud service providers are targeted for their weak registration systems and limited fraud detection capabilities. For example some cybercriminals use rich content applications such as flash files that enable them to hide their malicious code and utilize users’ browsers to install malware [1]. B. Insecure Interfaces and APIs Cloud users are using software interfaces and APIs to access and manage the cloud services. These APIs need to be secured because they play an integral part during provisioning, management, orchestration and monitoring of the processes running in a cloud environment. The security and availability of cloud services is dependent upon the security of these APIs so they should include features of authentication, access control, encryption and activity monitoring. APIs must be designed to protect against both accidental and malicious attempts to avoid threats. If cloud service provider relies on weak set of APIs, variety of security issues will be raised related to confidentiality, integrity, availability and accountability such as malicious or unidentified access, API dependencies, limited monitoring/logging capabilities, inflexible access controls, anonymous access, reusable tokens/passwords and improper authorizations[1]. C.Malicious Insider Insider attacks can be performed by malicious employees at the provider’s or user’s site. Malicious insider can steal the confidential data of cloud users. This threat can break the trust of cloud users on provider. A malicious insider can easily obtain passwords, cryptographic keys and files. These attacks may involve various types of fraud, damage or theft of information and misuse of IT resources. The threat of malicious attacks has increased due to lack of transparency in cloud provider’s processes and procedures [2]. It means that a provider may not reveal how employees are granted access and how this access is monitored or how reports as well as policy compliances are analyzed. Additionally, users have little visibility about the hiring practices of their provider that could open the door for an adversary, hackers or other cloud intruders to steal confidential information or to take control over the cloud. The level of access granted could enable attackers to collect confidential data or to gain complete control over the cloud services with little or no risk of detection. Malicious insider attacks can damage the financial value as well as brand reputation of an organization. D. Virtualized Technology Due to the cloud virtualization, cloud providers are residing the user’s applications on virtual machines (VMs) within a shared infrastructure. The VMs are virtualized based on the physical hardware of cloud provider. In order to maintain the security of users, providers are isolating the VMs from each other so if any of them is malicious, it will not affect the other VMs under the same provider. The VMs are managed by hypervisor in order to provide virtual memory as well as CPU scheduling policies to VMs. As the hypervisor is main source of managing a virtualized cloud platform, hackers are targeting it to access the VMs and the physical hardware, because hypervisor resides between VMs and hardware [3], so attack on hypervisor can damage the VMs and hardware. Strong isolation should be employed to ensure that VMs are not able to impact or access the operations of other users running under the same cloud service provider. Several vendors such as Xen and KVM are providing strong security mechanisms of securing the cloud hypervisors, but still it is identified that sometimes security of VMs is compromised. E. Data Loss or Leakage Data loss can occur due to operational failures, unreliable data storage and inconsistent use of encryption keys. Operational failure refers to deletion or alteration of records without a backup of the original content that can take place intentionally or unintentionally. Unreliable data storage refers to saving of data on unreliable media that will be unrecoverable if data is lost [4]. The inconsistent use of encryption keys will result into loss and unauthorized accesses of data by illegal users that will lead to the destruction of sensitive and confidential information. Example of data loss is Twitter hacks. The online accounts of Twitter accessed by hackers and their numerous sensitive corporate documents were stolen. These documents were housed in Googles online web office service Google Docs. Although Google was not the one to be blamed for security break-in as the security of documents from twitter was not efficient enough. Instead, the entire company data was only one password crack away from discovery [5]. It’s clear from this example that data loss or leakage can damage one’s brand, reputation and cause a loss that may significantly impact employee, partner and users’ morale as well as trust. Loss of core intellectual property can have competitive and financial implications beside the compliance violations and legal consequences. F.Account or Service Hijacking Account or service hijacking refers to unauthorized access gained by attackers to control the users’ accounts, such as phishing, fraud and exploitation of software vulnerabilities. For example if an attacker gains access to users’ credentials, they can spy on their activities/transactions, manipulate their data, return falsified information and redirect them to illegitimate sites [6]. Users’ account or service instances may become a new base for the attackers who can leverage the cloud service providers’ reputation by launching subsequent attacks. With stolen credentials, attackers can often access critical areas of deployed cloud computing services, allowing them to compromise the confidentiality, integrity and availability of those services. Authentication and authorization through the use of roles and password protecting is a common way to maintain access control when using web-browsers to access cloud computing systems. However, this method is not suff icient enough to secure sensitive and critical data. G.Unknown Risk Profile It is important for the users to know software versions, security practices, code updates and intrusion attempts. While adopting cloud computing services, these features and functionality may be well advertised but what about the details orcompliance ofthe internal security procedures, configuration hardening, patching, auditing and logging. Users must be clarified how and where their data and related logs are stored. However, there is no clear answer that leaves users with an unknown risk profile that may include serious threats [1]. the VM within the virtualized cloud environment.VM escape is a vulnerability that enables a guest-level VM to attack its host. Under this vulnerability an attacker runs code on a VM that allows an OS running within it to break out and interact directly with the hypervisor as shown in Fig.2 [8]. III.CLOUD COMPUTING VULNERABILITIES There are several significant vulnerabilities that should be considered when an organization is ready to move their critical applications and data to a cloud compuitng environment, these vulnerabilities are discribed as follows : A. Session Riding and Hijacking Session hijacking refers to use of a valid session key to gain unauthorized access for the information or services residing on a computer system, it also refers to theft of a cookie used to authenticate a user to a remote server and it is relevant to web application technologies weaknesses in the web application structure at their disposal that gives the chance to hackers in order to accomplish a wide variety of malicious activities. While session riding refers to the hackers sending commands to a web application on behalf of the targeted user by just sending that user an email or tricking the user into visiting a specially crafted website. Session riding deletes user data, executes online transactions like bids or orders, sends spam to an intranet system via internet and changes system as well as network configurations or even opens the firewall [12]. However, the web technologies evolution and refinement also brings new techniques that compromise sensitive data, provide access to theoretically secure networks and pose threats to the daily operation of online businesses. B. Virtual Machine Escape Cloud computing servers use the same OS, enterprise and web applications as localized VMs and physical servers. The ability for an attacker or malware to remotely exploit vulnerabilities in these systems and applications is a significant threat to virtualized cloud computing environments [7]. In addition, co-location of multiple VMs increases the attack surface and risk of VM-to-VM compromise. Intrusion detection and prevention systems need to be able to detect malicious activity at VM level, regardless of the location of Figure 2. VM Escape. It allows the attacker to access the host OS and all other VMs running on that particular host. Hypervisors and VM’s complexity may cause an increase threat to attack surface that weakens security such as paging, check pointing and migration of VMs [8]. C. Reliability and Availability of Service In terms of reliability and availability, cloud computing is not a perfect technology. For-example in February 2008, Amazons Web Service (Amazons-S3) cloud storage infrastructure went down for several hours, causing data loss and access issues with multiple Web 2.0 services. With more services being built on top of cloud computing infrastructures, an outage orfailure can create a domino effect by taking down large amounts of Internet based services and applications which raise several questions such as in cases of failure, what forms of settlement exist for stakeholders? What is the responsibility of cloud providers? What will be appropriate procedures to overcome these issues? [9]. D. Insecure Cryptography Attackers’ can decode any cryptographic mechanism or algorithm as main methods to hack them are discovered. It’s common to find crucial flaws in cryptographic algorithm implementations, which can twist strong encryption into weak encryption or sometimes no encryption at all. For example in cloud virtualization providers uses virtualization software to partition servers into images that are provided to the users as on-demand services [10]. Although utilization of those VMs into cloud providers data centres provides more flexible and efficient setup than traditional servers but they dont have enough access to generate random numbers needed to properly encrypt data. This is one of the fundamental problems of cryptography. How do computers produce truly random numbers that cant be guessed or replicated? In PCs, OS typically monitors users mouse movements and key strokes to gather random bits of data that are collected in a so-called Entropy Pool (a set of unpredictable numbers that encryption software automatically pulls to generate random encryption passkeys). In servers, one that dont have access to a keyboard or mouse, random numbers are also pulled from the unpredictable movements of the computers hard drive. VMs that act as physical machines but are simulated with software have fewer sources of entropy. For example Linux-based VMs, gather random numbers only from the exact millisecond time on their internal clocks and that is not enough to generate strong keys for encryption [11]. E. Data Protection and Portability Although the cloud services are offered based on a contract among client and a provider but what will happen when the contract is terminated and client doesn’t wants to continue anymore. The question is, will the sensitive data of client be deleted or misused by the provider. Secondly if the provider went out of business due to any reason, what will happen to the services and data of the client? Will the provider handout the data of client to some other provider, if yes, will client trust the new provider? Considering these questions we can say that data protection and portability remains as one of main weaknesses of cloud computing. F. Vendor Lock-in This vulnerability occurs due to immature providers and new business models which raise the risk of failure and going out of the business. Lock-in, makes a client dependent on a provider for products and services so they will be unable to deal with another provider without substantial switching costs. Clients must be sure of their potential provider prior to provider selection process. Lack of standards may also lock-in the clients with only one provider. Due to heterogeneous standards and policies settled by each provider, clients are not able to easily migrate from one provider to another even though they want to do so [13]. G. Internet Dependency Cloud computing is an internet dependent technology where users are accessing the services via web browser. What if internet is not available or service is down, what will happen to users systems and operations that are very critical and need to run 24 hours such as Healthcare and Banking systems. In some Asian and African underdeveloped countries where service of internet is not considered as reliable enough, will organizations adopt this paradigm to move their significant systems on cloud? IV.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this research paper we have discussed the characteristics of a stormy cloud that contains threats and vulnerabilities. Cloud computing has a dynamic nature that is flexible, scalable and multi-shared with high capacity that gives an innovative shape of carrying out business [14]. However, beside these benefits there are seven deadly threats and vulnerabilities encountered in this technology. Therefore, we believe there is still tremendous opportunity for researchers to make revolutionary contributions in this field and bring significant impact of their development to the industry. There is need to develop and design in-depth security techniques and policies in terms of people, processes and technology. By considering the contributions from several IT industries worldwide, it’s obvious that cloud computing will be one of the leading strategic and innovative technologies in the near future. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The glory of accomplishing this research paper goes to our parents for their moral support. We are also thankful to our supervisor for encouraging us to write this research journal. Finally, we are thankful to IJAEST for assisting us to review this journal and providing us timely response. REFERENCES [1]CSA, â€Å"Security Guidance for Critical Areas of Focus in Cloud Computing V2.1† Cloud Security Alliance, 2009, [Online], Available: https://cloudsecurityalliance.org/topthreats/csathreats.v1.0.pdf, [Accessed: 08-July-2011]. [2]E., Mathisen, â€Å"Security challenges and solutions in cloud computing,† in Digital Ecosystems and Technologies Conference (DEST), 2011 Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International Conference on, 2011, pp. 208-212. [3]Wei Chen, Hongyi Lu, Li Shen, Zhiying Wang, Nong Xiao, and Dan Chen, â€Å"A Novel Hardware Assisted Full Virtualization Technique,† in Young Computer Scientists, 2008. ICYCS 2008. The 9th International Conference for, 2008, pp. 1292-1297. [4]S. Farrell, â€Å"Portable Storage and Data Loss,† Internet Computing, IEEE, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 90-93, 2008. [5]R., Trope, C., Ray, â€Å"The Real Realities of Cloud Computing: Ethical Issues for Lawyers, Law Firms, and Judges â€Å", [Online], Available: http://ftp.documation.com/references/ABA10a/PDfs/3_1.pdf , 2009, [Accessed: 15-Jul-2011]. [6]Karthick Ramachandran, Thomas Margoni and Mark Perry, â€Å"Clarifying Privacy in the Clouds† in CYBERLAWS 2011 : The Second International Conference on Technical and Legal Aspects of the e- Society, IARIA,2011. [7]S., Subashini, V. Kavitha. â€Å"A survey on security issues in service delivery models of cloud computing†. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vo l.34, pp.1-11, 2011. [8]Trend Micro, â€Å"Making Virtual Machines Cloud-Ready†, [Online], Available: http://www.whitestratus.com/docs/making-vms-cloud ready.pdf. A Trend Micro White Paper, 2009 [Accessed: 16-Jul-2011]. [9]J., Grimes, P., Jaeger, J., Lin, â€Å"Weathering the Storm: The Policy Implications of Cloud Computing† [Online], Availablehttp://ischools.org/images/iConferences/CloudAbstract13109F INAL.pdf , [Accessed: 19-Jul-2011]. [10] B. Grobauer, T. Walloschek, and E. Stocker, â€Å"Understanding Cloud Computing Vulnerabilities,† Security Privacy, IEEE, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 50-57, 2011. [11] A., Greenberg, â€Å"Why Cloud Computing Needs More Chaos† [Online], Available:http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/30/cloud-computing- security-technology-cio-network-cloud-computing.html, 2009, [Accessed: 20-Jul-2011]. [12] T. Schreiber, â€Å"Session Riding a Widespread Vulnerability in Todays Web Applications† [Online], Available: http://www.securenet.de/papers/Session_Riding.pdf, white paper, 2004. [Accessed: 20-Jul-2011]. [13] G., Petri, â€Å"Vendor Lock-in and Cloud computing†, [Online], Available: http://cloudcomputing.sys-con.com/node/1465147 , 2010, [Accessed: 23-Jul-2011].

The Psychodynamic Model of Abnormality Essay -- Papers Psychology

The Psychodynamic Model of Abnormality The psychodynamic model of abnormality is useful to an extent. However it has many weaknesses. The psychodynamic model of abnormality was initiated by Sigmund Freud. Sigmund Freud was very interested in hysteria. This is the manifestation of physical causes. He became convinced that unconscious mental causes were responsible not just abnormality but also normality. Freud developed Psychoanalysis. This is a set of techniques for treating the unconscious causes of mental disorders and built up a psychoanalytic theory of how human personality and abnormality develop from childhood. His psychoanalytic approach had a great impact on psychology and psychiatry and was developed by other psychodynamic theorists. Psychoanalysis had a very fixed set of assumptions. One of these is the unconscious processes where many important influences on behaviour come from a part of the mind we have no awareness of called the unconscious. Another assumption is psychodynamic conflict. Different parts of the mind are in constant struggle with each other and the consequences of this are important in understanding behaviour. Freud also believed that behaviour is motivated by sexual and aggressive drives. The drives create psychic energy that builds up and create tension and anxiety if it cannot be released. Another assumption is development where personality is shaped by relationships, experiences and conflict, particularly during childhood. Freud’s psychoanalysis is probably the most important psychodynamic theory. His ideas developed a... ...century. It has had a significant effect on a wide range of disciplines such as anthropology, women’s studies and theology. Also, the sharp distinction between abnormality and normality of the biological model is ignored. Doing this, it has created more sympathy for people with psychological disorders. Psychoanalysis is more humane with its focus on talking as opposed to drugs, shock therapy or brain surgery. It also has the power to enhance our understanding of ourselves and from the number of people who testify how it has helped them in their own lives. In conclusion, the psychodynamic model is useful as it is still being used today by professional psychiatrists and works with many people. However, there are a lot of weaknesses to outweigh the positives, which means that the model can be seriously questioned.

Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action Essay

                  Affirmative action is a policy that is aimed at providing positive measures to remedy effects of past discrimination against members of certain groups (Clayton & Crosby 1992, p.2). One of the areas that suffer underrepresentation of the diverse, underrepresented individuals and minority group in colleges is the laws schools and subsequently in the legal profession. The questioned posed is â€Å"Is affirmative action the best solution to alleviating this crisis or is it the major cause together with other practices that have contributed to these underrepresentation?                  First of all is the admission procedure. Admission selection considers those with a bachelor’s degree for an accredited university or college. Few underrepresented minority students are able to attend college and obtain the relevant qualifications. Moreover, there are disparities in number of applicants and the number who get enrolled. For example in 2000, 74500 individuals submitted their application to ABA- approved school and an estimate of 67% of the total were admitted (ABA/ LSAC Pre-Conference Report, 2005, p, 4). This illustrates a flaw in the acceptance procedure that focus on higher merit in which its well document trend that underrepresented minorities score less on the Law Schools Admission Test (LSAT).                  Secondly the individual state bar exams are a severe impediment. â€Å"While the LSAT remains a reliable predictor of success in law school and the Law School Admission Council (makers of the LSAT), warn against over-reliance on numerical qualifiers alone† (ABA/ LSAC Pre-Conference Report, 2005, p, 5). Raised cut off points detriment the minorities who are disproportionately at the bottom in addition the bars are also misapplied. The percentage of residents in a state should have a proportionate percentage at the law school. The lack of a national bar does also contribute to this issue.                     The above two examples illustrate why affirmative action is needed in leveling admissions. Higher merit and higher cut off points are serving to lock out minority groups from accessing law education. In coming up with a criteria for selection, the selection board should put into consideration performance of minority groups which is at the lower end of the spectrum.                Terry Eastland suggests that affirmative action promotes discrimination. He argues that there is nothing like positive or negative discrimination. In Higher education for example, when the institution sets a lower grade for color students, the act in itself creates discrimination. These groups of students who will be enrolled under affirmative action are well aware that they are in that position due to their race. It is a negative experience that is not easy to erase. Sometimes attitudes from the majority students will affect the students from the minority. The majority students may not look at the minority as equals.                   Affirmative action leads to stigma. Eastland says that very few people are aware of the abilities and potential of the marginalized groups. In this case they are likely to be less respected and less valued. This can end up psychologically affecting these groups and it can be worsened if they fail to perform. Terry end believes that an environment should an equal working basis. If students have to be enrolled for higher education, it should be based on merit and not race. This will create an equal working environment of mutual relationship.                  Furthermore, Eastland equates ‘Affirmative action’ to ‘lower standards’. The rationale of having a policy that sets asides positions after a normal criterion creates a barrier between quality and less quality. By having this policy, institutions are accepting that results posted from minority groups are of lesser quality and lesser magnitude to that from the majority. Policy makers argue that the minority are affected by certain factors that make them not to equal results of the majority. It then beats logic that it would be easier resolving factors that make minority perform lesser than providing a criterion that guarantee certain results.                  Terry Eastland comments and views in regard to affirmative action tend to disapprove use of affirmative action against underrepresentation based on color. His views do not factor underrepresentation due to gender. However the logic behind his reasons and those of other scholars can equally be equated to affirmative action on gender and sex segregation                  Gender affirmative actions have shown to improve the status of women in the society. In fact advocates for gender affirmative actions have sprung from various women activists and organizations. Women have gained access to representations in legislative organs, various courses in colleges that stereotypically were set for men. However it is urged that continuous paying attention to a group of people will result in then differences becoming more salient than the commonalities among people (Clayton & Crosby 1992, p.11). This statement thus emphasizes Terry Eastland’s arguments against affirmative action.                To conclude, the benefits of affirmative action are actually visible. Moving forward however, the fundamental principles of affirmative action seem to have been overtaken with time. Putting into consideration Terry Eastland arguments in regard to affirmative action, the negatives of affirmative action outweigh the positives. Affirmative action has led to lower productivity, increased segregation and stigmatization. The call to end affirmative actions thus is justified. References Clayton, Susan D, and Faye J. Crosby. Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action. Ann Arbor, Mich: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1992. Print. Law Schools Admission Council. Pre Conference Report (2005) Collaborating to Expand the Pipeline. Retrieved from http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/op/pipelineconf/PipelinePostReport.authcheckdam.pdf Source document

The Tragedy Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay

Shakespeare is most commonly known for his poetry and playwrights. He is globally regarded as the greatest writer in the English language. Plays such as Macbeth, Romero and Juliet, and King Lear were some of his most successful tragedies. What made them so famous was the use of creating the main character to be tragic heroes. They were characters who were destined for suffering and defeat. The reason for their down falls was their defects that lead them to their downfall. He reveals his characters to be ultimimatly human and reveals a sense of potential heroism in everyone. By addressing his message that no one is perfect, he creates a connection with his audience. This creates a plot twist to society’s definition of a happy ending therefore making Shakespeare such a unique writer. In William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, he portrays main character prince Hamlet to have a fault that leads to his downfall in the tragedy. 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